Az ukrán államiság periodizációja 1918–1920 között

Soviet Russia and Poland concluded the Peace of Riga in March 1921: Poland recognized Soviet Ukraine, but could keep Eastern Galicia and Western Volhynia. With this, the “Ukrainian revolution” ended, and the Peace of Riga buried Ukrainian aspirations for independence. This meant that the situation developed after the Treaty of Andrusovo in 1667 was repeated, since the Poles and the Russians – ignoring the interests of the Ukrainians – once again divided Ukraine between themselves. Ukrainian “revolutions” and Ukrainian efforts to establish statehood thus ended in failure. Between 1917–1920, the Ukrainians temporarily created sovereign “state initiatives,” but the territory of the Ukrainian People’s Republic was not precisely defined and was decreased gradually due to the constant attacks of the Red Army. It included only a part of Eastern Galicia with its capital, without Lviv (Lemberg). The successive governments were in power only for a short time, so they could not consolidate their government system. The fact that the national identity of the Eastern Ukrainians was weaker made it more difficult to achieve independence, which is why a unified position regarding the nature of the Ukrainian state could not be formed in the individual Ukrainian regions and among political parties. The military superiority of Poland and Soviet Russia, as well as the disinterest of the victorious Allies in the existence of a sovereign Ukraine during the First World War also contributed to all of this. In the end, just like in the 17–18th centuries, the development of the Ukrainian nation from 1921 again took place in the bonds of two states: within the Soviet Union and in the reborn Poland. The civil war finally confirmed the federal character of Ukraine, but in the end, in a “Soviet-style”.